Safety grading GREEN – SAFE
Paprika extract (E160c), a natural colorant derived from Capsicum annuum fruits, contains the carotenoid pigments capsanthin and capsorubin. It is classified as GREEN – SAFE because it is a natural substance with extensive regulatory approval and no significant toxicity observed at permitted levels. Both the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) consider paprika extracts to be safe when used within recommended concentrations. EFSA’s most recent opinion (EFSA Journal 2015;13(12):4318) reaffirmed its safety, noting that no genotoxic, reproductive, or carcinogenic effects were observed even at doses well above estimated daily intakes.
Capsanthin and capsorubin are fat-soluble carotenoids known for their antioxidant activity. They neutralize reactive oxygen species and support the body’s defense against oxidative stress, which adds an additional benefit beyond coloration. Studies in animals and humans show good metabolic tolerance and rapid elimination through natural lipid metabolism pathways. Unlike synthetic azo dyes, paprika extract does not cause hyperactivity or allergic responses in sensitive individuals.
Based on the totality of evidence, including regulatory reviews and independent research, E160c is considered a benign additive with a wide margin of safety. Minor caveats include potential degradation of pigments under high light or heat, but these relate to color stability rather than toxicity. Therefore, E160c receives a GREEN – SAFE rating.
Should you avoid E160c?
There is no reason for the general population to avoid E160c. It is a natural colorant extracted from paprika peppers and is metabolized similarly to other carotenoids found in vegetables. Individuals allergic to paprika or peppers should exercise caution, but such cases are rare. For everyone else, it is considered one of the safest and most natural food colorants available.
Common uses
- Used in cheese spreads, sausages, and snack coatings for red-orange color enhancement.
- Common in soups, sauces, and seasonings for a natural warm hue.
- Applied in bakery products and dairy items to replace synthetic dyes such as Tartrazine or Ponceau 4R.
- Increasingly used in plant-based meat alternatives for authentic coloration.
Common names / Synonyms
- Paprika oleoresin
- Capsanthin
- Capsorubin
- Paprika extract
- Natural red carotenoid color
What is it?
Paprika extract (E160c) is a concentrated oleoresin obtained by solvent extraction of dried red peppers (Capsicum annuum). The extract primarily contains the carotenoids capsanthin and capsorubin, responsible for the vivid orange-red hue. The manufacturing process involves extraction with safe food-grade solvents such as hexane or ethanol, followed by purification and standardization to ensure consistent pigment content. Once produced, the oleoresin may be dispersed in vegetable oil or emulsified in water for use in different food systems.
Unlike synthetic dyes, the pigments in paprika extract are natural compounds also present in edible peppers. They function as antioxidants by scavenging free radicals and protecting lipids from peroxidation. EFSA and JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives) have both reviewed toxicological data showing no adverse effects even at high intake levels. The ADI (Acceptable Daily Intake) for capsanthin-rich extract was set as “not specified,” meaning no health concern exists at levels needed for coloring foods.
Modern research continues to explore the beneficial aspects of capsanthin. Studies indicate potential anti-inflammatory and lipid-modulating effects, contributing to the compound’s reputation as a health-promoting natural pigment. These features make paprika extract a desirable alternative to synthetic azo dyes and an important part of the clean-label food movement.
Where it’s allowed (EU vs US)
In the European Union, E160c is approved as a food coloring under Annex II of Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008. The FDA lists paprika oleoresin as a color additive exempt from certification (21 CFR §73.340). It is permitted in all major markets including the EU, USA, Canada, Australia, and Japan.